👉 Buffing, or buffer overflow, is a cybersecurity vulnerability where more data is written to a buffer than it can hold, causing excess data to spill over into adjacent memory locations. This can overwrite critical data or instructions, leading to unpredictable behavior, crashes, or even allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code. Mathematically, a buffer has a fixed size, say \( B \). When data exceeds \( B \), it wraps around, overwriting bytes beyond the allocated space. This can corrupt pointers, function return addresses, or other memory regions, disrupting program execution and potentially enabling exploitation. The overflow grows by \( n \) bytes (where \( n \) is the excess data), creating a "buffer" of wasted memory that attackers can manipulate to hijack control or leak sensitive information.
